VLOOKUP() =VLOOKUP(E2,$A$2:$C$10,3,0) Vertical lookup left-to-right

HLOOKUP() =HLOOKUP(B5,$A$1:$G$3,3,FALSE) : Horizontal lookup top-to-bottom

XLOOKUP() =XLOOKUP(E2,$A$2:$A$10,$B$2:$B$10,"NF") : Modern flexible lookup

LOOKUP() =LOOKUP(2,1/(A2:A10<>""),A2:A10) : Last non blank in column

INDEX() =INDEX(B2:B10,5) : Return value by row/col index

MATCH() =MATCH(E2,A2:A10,0) : Position of item in range

INDEX+MATCH =INDEX(B2:B10,MATCH(E2,A2:A10,0)) : Lookup without column order limit

OFFSET() =OFFSET(A1,5,2) : Reference range offset by rows/cols

INDIRECT() =INDIRECT("B"&ROW()) : Convert text to reference

ADDRESS() =ADDRESS(ROW(),COLUMN()) : Return cell address

ROW() =ROW(A5) : Row number of reference

COLUMN() =COLUMN(D2) : Column number

ROWS() =ROWS(A2:C10) : Number of rows in range

COLUMNS() =COLUMNS(A2:C10) : Number of columns in range

XMATCH() =XMATCH(E2,A2:A10,0) : Modern array-aware match

FILTER() =FILTER(A2:C10,B2:B10>100) : Return rows passing condition

UNIQUE() =UNIQUE(A2:A100) : Distinct list spill

SORT() =SORT(A2:B10,2,-1) : Sort range by column

SORTBY() =SORTBY(A2:B10,B2:B10,-1) : Sort using helper column

SEQUENCE() =SEQUENCE(10,1,1,1) : Generate sequential numbers